Antidifferentiation

Consider a function \(F\) and its derivative \(f\) (i.e. \(f = F').\) While \(f\) is the derivative of \(F,\) let’s refer to \(F\) as an antiderivative of \(f.\) While the operation of “taking the derivative” is referred to as differentiation, let’s refer to “taking an antiderivative” as antidifferentiation.

A function’s derivative is unique, but it’s antiderivative is not. A function has infinitely many antiderivatives, all of them differing by some additive constant \(C.\) To account for this, while the operation of differentiation is denoted either \(F' = f\) or \(\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}F = f,\) let’s denote antidifferentiation this way: \(\int f \,\mathrm{d}x = F + C.\) The tall “S” symbol \(\int\) is called an integral sign, the \(+C\) is called the constant of integration, and altogether \(\int f \,\mathrm{d}x\) is referred to as the indefinite integral of \(f\) with respect to \(x.\)

Formulas

\(\displaystyle \int k \,\mathrm{d}x = kx + C\,\) (for constant \(k\))

\(\displaystyle \int x^n \,\mathrm{d}x = \tfrac{1}{n+1}x^{n+1} + C\,\) (for \(n\!\neq\!-1\))

\(\displaystyle \int \tfrac{1}{x} \,\mathrm{d}x = \ln(x) + C\)

\(\displaystyle \int \mathrm{e}^x \,\mathrm{d}x = \mathrm{e}^x + C\)

\(\displaystyle \int b^x \,\mathrm{d}x = \tfrac{1}{\ln(b)}b^x + C\)

\(\displaystyle \int \cos(x) \,\mathrm{d}x = \sin(x) + C\)

\(\displaystyle \int \sin(x) \,\mathrm{d}x = -\cos(x) + C\)

Like differentiation, antidifferentiation is a linear operation: constants factor out and it splits across addition/subtraction.

\(\displaystyle \int kf \,\mathrm{d}x = k \int f \,\mathrm{d}x \)

\(\displaystyle \int \bigl(f \pm g\bigr) \,\mathrm{d}x = \int f \,\mathrm{d}x \pm \int g \,\mathrm{d}x \)